add: 添加实训 '数据结构课程设计'

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+main.cpp
+bin
+obj

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Makefile for Bus Route Management System
+
+CC = gcc
+CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra -g -I./include
+LDFLAGS = -lm
+
+# 目录
+SRC_DIR = src
+INC_DIR = include
+OBJ_DIR = obj
+BIN_DIR = bin
+DATA_DIR = data
+
+# 源文件和目标文件
+SOURCES = $(wildcard $(SRC_DIR)/*.c)
+OBJECTS = $(SOURCES:$(SRC_DIR)/%.c=$(OBJ_DIR)/%.o)
+TARGET = $(BIN_DIR)/bus_system
+
+# 默认目标
+all: directories $(TARGET)
+
+# 创建必要的目录
+directories:
+	@mkdir -p $(OBJ_DIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(BIN_DIR)
+	@mkdir -p $(DATA_DIR)
+
+# 链接目标文件生成可执行文件
+$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS)
+	$(CC) $(OBJECTS) -o $(TARGET) $(LDFLAGS)
+	@cp -r $(DATA_DIR) $(BIN_DIR)
+	@echo "build successful: $(TARGET)"
+
+# 编译源文件为目标文件
+$(OBJ_DIR)/%.o: $(SRC_DIR)/%.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+# 清理编译文件
+clean:
+	rm -rf $(OBJ_DIR) $(BIN_DIR)
+	@echo "clean over"
+
+# 运行程序
+run: $(TARGET)
+	@cp -r $(DATA_DIR) $(BIN_DIR)
+	@cd $(BIN_DIR) && ./bus_system
+
+# 安装数据文件（如果需要）
+install-data:
+	@echo "请确保 data/ 目录包含 stations.csv 和 routes.csv"
+
+.PHONY: all clean run directories install-data

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/README.md

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+## 课题二十六: 校园巴士实时查询系统
+
+### 一、设计目的
+
+1. 掌握数据结构知识，强化C语言编程实现与算法设计的结合；
+2. 提升对数据结构的逻辑设计与存储结构的理解。
+
+
+### 二、设计任务与要求
+
+**设计一个校园巴士线路查询系统，模拟巴士运行状态，提供实时到站预测和最优乘车方案。**
+
+- 功能要求
+
+    1. 支持定义多条巴士线路，每条线路有固定站点序列，每个站点包含名称、位置坐标、停靠时间，线路信息可从配置文件加载；
+    2. 为每辆巴士维护当前位置、行驶方向、速度，模拟巴士在站点停靠（固定时间），实时更新所有巴士位置（每虚拟分钟更新一次）；
+    3. 输入站点名，显示即将到达的巴士信息（线路号、预计到达时间），显示当前正在该站点停靠的巴士，显示该站点下一班各线路巴士的预计等待时间；
+    4. 输入起点和终点站点，推荐换乘方案，显示总行程时间、换乘次数、步行距离（简化），提供最快方案和最简方案（最少换乘）。
+
+- 技术点要求
+
+    1. 使用邻接表存储巴士站点网络。
+    2. 实现Dijkstra算法计算最优路径。
+    3. 使用文本文件读写数据。
+    4. 程序结构清晰，功能模块划分合理。
+
+### 三、设计步骤
+
+1. 根据课题，查阅相关资料，确定结构体设计。
+2. 明确相关功能，对功能部分进行设计及代码编写。
+3. 对所写代码进行测试。
+4. 撰写课程设计报告:字数约5000字（不包括程序清单）。
+5. 答辩。

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/data/routes.csv

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+id,routeName,stationCount
+0,1ºÅÏß,4
+0,1,2,3
+5.0,6.0,7.0
+1,2ºÅÏß,5
+0,4,5,7,9
+8.0,6.0,10.0,5.0
+2,3ºÅÏß,4
+1,6,4,2
+4.0,5.0,6.0
+3,4ºÅÏß,3
+8,1,3
+7.0,12.0

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/data/stations.csv

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+id,name,latitude,longitude,stopTime
+0,火车站,39.9042,116.4074,60
+1,市中心,39.9100,116.4100,45
+2,大学城,39.9200,116.4200,45
+3,科技园,39.9300,116.4300,45
+4,商业街,39.9150,116.4250,60
+5,体育馆,39.9250,116.4350,45
+6,公园,39.9180,116.4180,30
+7,机场,39.9400,116.4400,90
+8,医院,39.9050,116.4150,50
+9,图书馆,39.9280,116.4280,40

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/include/graph.h

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+// include/graph.h
+#ifndef GRAPH_H
+#define GRAPH_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include "station.h"
+#include "route.h"
+
+// 邻接表节点
+typedef struct AdjNode {
+    int stationId;
+    int routeId;
+    double travelTime; // 行驶时间(分钟)
+    struct AdjNode* next;
+} AdjNode;
+
+// 邻接表
+typedef struct AdjList {
+    AdjNode* head;
+} AdjList;
+
+// 图结构
+typedef struct Graph {
+    AdjList adjLists[MAX_STATIONS];
+    int vertexCount;
+} Graph;
+
+// 路径节点
+typedef struct PathNode {
+    int stationId;
+    int routeId;
+    double time;
+    struct PathNode* next;
+} PathNode;
+
+// 图操作函数
+Graph* createGraph(int vertexCount);
+void destroyGraph(Graph* graph);
+void addEdge(Graph* graph, int from, int to, int routeId, double travelTime);
+void buildGraphFromRoutes(Graph* graph, const BusRoute routes[], int routeCount, 
+                          const Station stations[], int stationCount);
+
+// 路径查询函数
+PathNode* dijkstra(Graph* graph, int start, int end, double* totalTime);
+void freePath(PathNode* path);
+void displayPath(PathNode* path, const Station stations[], int stationCount,
+                const BusRoute routes[], int routeCount);
+
+#endif

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/include/route.h

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+// include/route.h
+#ifndef ROUTE_H
+#define ROUTE_H
+
+#include "station.h"
+
+#define MAX_STATIONS_PER_ROUTE 50
+
+typedef struct BusRoute {
+    int id;
+    char routeName[50];
+    int stationCount;
+    int stations[MAX_STATIONS_PER_ROUTE]; // 站点ID序列
+    double segmentTimes[MAX_STATIONS_PER_ROUTE]; // 每段行驶时间(分钟)
+} BusRoute;
+
+// 线路管理函数
+int loadRoutes(const char* filename, BusRoute routes[], int maxRoutes);
+void displayRoute(const BusRoute* route, const Station stations[], int stationCount);
+void displayAllRoutes(const BusRoute routes[], int routeCount, const Station stations[], int stationCount);
+
+#endif

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/include/station.h

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+// include/station.h
+#ifndef STATION_H
+#define STATION_H
+
+#define MAX_NAME 50
+#define MAX_STATIONS 100
+
+typedef struct Station {
+    int id;
+    char name[MAX_NAME];
+    double latitude;
+    double longitude;
+    int stopTime; // 停靠时间(秒)
+} Station;
+
+// 站点管理函数
+int loadStations(const char* filename, Station stations[], int maxStations);
+int findStationByName(const Station stations[], int count, const char* name);
+int findStationById(const Station stations[], int count, int id);
+void displayStation(const Station* station);
+void displayAllStations(const Station stations[], int count);
+
+#endif

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/src/graph.c

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+// src/graph.c
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include "../include/graph.h"
+
+// 创建图
+Graph* createGraph(int vertexCount) {
+    Graph* graph = (Graph*)malloc(sizeof(Graph));
+    graph->vertexCount = vertexCount;
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_STATIONS; i++) {
+        graph->adjLists[i].head = NULL;
+    }
+    return graph;
+}
+
+// 销毁图
+void destroyGraph(Graph* graph) {
+    if (!graph) return;
+    
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_STATIONS; i++) {
+        AdjNode* curr = graph->adjLists[i].head;
+        while (curr) {
+            AdjNode* temp = curr;
+            curr = curr->next;
+            free(temp);
+        }
+    }
+    free(graph);
+}
+
+// 添加边
+void addEdge(Graph* graph, int from, int to, int routeId, double travelTime) {
+    AdjNode* newNode = (AdjNode*)malloc(sizeof(AdjNode));
+    newNode->stationId = to;
+    newNode->routeId = routeId;
+    newNode->travelTime = travelTime;
+    newNode->next = graph->adjLists[from].head;
+    graph->adjLists[from].head = newNode;
+}
+
+// 从线路构建图（双向）
+void buildGraphFromRoutes(Graph* graph, const BusRoute routes[], int routeCount,
+                         const Station stations[], int stationCount) {
+    for (int r = 0; r < routeCount; r++) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < routes[r].stationCount - 1; i++) {
+            int from = routes[r].stations[i];
+            int to = routes[r].stations[i + 1];
+            double segmentTime = routes[r].segmentTimes[i];
+            
+            // 获取站点停靠时间
+            int fromIdx = findStationById(stations, stationCount, from);
+            int toIdx = findStationById(stations, stationCount, to);
+            
+            if (fromIdx == -1 || toIdx == -1) continue;
+            
+            double fromStopTime = stations[fromIdx].stopTime / 60.0;
+            double toStopTime = stations[toIdx].stopTime / 60.0;
+            
+            // 正向边: from -> to
+            addEdge(graph, from, to, r, segmentTime + fromStopTime);
+            
+            // 反向边: to -> from（支持返程）
+            addEdge(graph, to, from, r, segmentTime + toStopTime);
+        }
+    }
+    printf("图构建完成（支持双向路线）\n");
+}
+
+// Dijkstra算法
+PathNode* dijkstra(Graph* graph, int start, int end, double* totalTime) {
+    double dist[MAX_STATIONS];
+    int prev[MAX_STATIONS];
+    int prevRoute[MAX_STATIONS];
+    bool visited[MAX_STATIONS] = {false};
+    
+    // 初始化
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_STATIONS; i++) {
+        dist[i] = DBL_MAX;
+        prev[i] = -1;
+        prevRoute[i] = -1;
+    }
+    dist[start] = 0;
+    
+    // Dijkstra主循环
+    for (int count = 0; count < graph->vertexCount; count++) {
+        double minDist = DBL_MAX;
+        int u = -1;
+        
+        // 找到未访问的最小距离节点
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_STATIONS; i++) {
+            if (!visited[i] && dist[i] < minDist) {
+                minDist = dist[i];
+                u = i;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (u == -1 || u == end) break;
+        visited[u] = true;
+        
+        // 更新相邻节点
+        AdjNode* node = graph->adjLists[u].head;
+        while (node != NULL) {
+            int v = node->stationId;
+            double weight = node->travelTime;
+            
+            if (!visited[v] && dist[u] + weight < dist[v]) {
+                dist[v] = dist[u] + weight;
+                prev[v] = u;
+                prevRoute[v] = node->routeId;
+            }
+            node = node->next;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    // 检查是否找到路径
+    if (dist[end] == DBL_MAX) {
+        *totalTime = -1;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    
+    *totalTime = dist[end];
+    
+    // 重建路径
+    PathNode* path = NULL;
+    for (int v = end; v != -1; v = prev[v]) {
+        PathNode* newNode = (PathNode*)malloc(sizeof(PathNode));
+        newNode->stationId = v;
+        newNode->routeId = prevRoute[v];
+        newNode->time = dist[v];
+        newNode->next = path;
+        path = newNode;
+    }
+    
+    return path;
+}
+
+// 释放路径
+void freePath(PathNode* path) {
+    while (path) {
+        PathNode* temp = path;
+        path = path->next;
+        free(temp);
+    }
+}
+
+// 显示路径
+void displayPath(PathNode* path, const Station stations[], int stationCount,
+                const BusRoute routes[], int routeCount) {
+    (void)routeCount; // 标记为未使用,避免警告
+    
+    if (!path) return;
+    
+    PathNode* curr = path;
+    while (curr) {
+        int stationIdx = findStationById(stations, stationCount, curr->stationId);
+        if (stationIdx != -1) {
+            printf("  %s", stations[stationIdx].name);
+            
+            if (curr->next && curr->next->routeId != -1) {
+                printf(" -[%s]-> ", routes[curr->next->routeId].routeName);
+            } else if (!curr->next) {
+                printf(" (到达)");
+            }
+            printf("\n");
+        }
+        curr = curr->next;
+    }
+}

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/src/main.c

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// src/main.c
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "../include/station.h"
+#include "../include/route.h"
+#include "../include/graph.h"
+
+#define MAX_ROUTES 20
+
+// 全局变量
+Station stations[MAX_STATIONS];
+BusRoute routes[MAX_ROUTES];
+int stationCount = 0;
+int routeCount = 0;
+Graph* graph = NULL;
+
+// 函数声明
+void printMenu();
+void queryRoute();
+void saveQueryResult(const char* filename, const char* startName, const char* endName, 
+                     PathNode* path, double totalTime);
+
+// 打印菜单
+void printMenu() {
+    printf("\n╔════════════════════════════════╗\n");
+    printf("║    巴士路线管理系统            ║\n");
+    printf("╠════════════════════════════════╣\n");
+    printf("║ 1. 查询最短路径                ║\n");
+    printf("║ 2. 显示所有站点                ║\n");
+    printf("║ 3. 显示所有线路                ║\n");
+    printf("║ 4. 退出系统                    ║\n");
+    printf("╚════════════════════════════════╝\n");
+    printf("请选择功能 (1-4): ");
+}
+
+// 查询路线
+void queryRoute() {
+    char startName[MAX_NAME], endName[MAX_NAME];
+    
+    printf("\n请输入起点站名称: ");
+    scanf("%s", startName);
+    printf("请输入终点站名称: ");
+    scanf("%s", endName);
+    
+    int startId = findStationByName(stations, stationCount, startName);
+    int endId = findStationByName(stations, stationCount, endName);
+    
+    if (startId == -1) {
+        printf("错误: 找不到站点 '%s'\n", startName);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (endId == -1) {
+        printf("错误: 找不到站点 '%s'\n", endName);
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    double totalTime;
+    PathNode* path = dijkstra(graph, startId, endId, &totalTime);
+    
+    if (!path || totalTime < 0) {
+        printf("\n没有找到从 %s 到 %s 的路线\n", startName, endName);
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    printf("\n========== 最短路径查询结果 ==========\n");
+    printf("起点: %s\n", startName);
+    printf("终点: %s\n", endName);
+    printf("总时间: %.2f 分钟\n", totalTime);
+    printf("\n详细路线:\n");
+    
+    displayPath(path, stations, stationCount, routes, routeCount);
+    
+    printf("=====================================\n\n");
+    
+    // 保存结果
+    saveQueryResult("data/query_results.txt", startName, endName, path, totalTime);
+    
+    freePath(path);
+}
+
+// 保存查询结果
+void saveQueryResult(const char* filename, const char* startName, const char* endName,
+                     PathNode* path, double totalTime) {
+    FILE* fp = fopen(filename, "a");
+    if (!fp) {
+        printf("警告: 无法保存查询结果到文件\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    fprintf(fp, "================================\n");
+    fprintf(fp, "起点: %s\n", startName);
+    fprintf(fp, "终点: %s\n", endName);
+    fprintf(fp, "总时间: %.2f 分钟\n", totalTime);
+    fprintf(fp, "路径: ");
+    
+    PathNode* curr = path;
+    while (curr) {
+        int stationIdx = findStationById(stations, stationCount, curr->stationId);
+        if (stationIdx != -1) {
+            fprintf(fp, "%s", stations[stationIdx].name);
+            if (curr->next) {
+                fprintf(fp, " -> ");
+            }
+        }
+        curr = curr->next;
+    }
+    fprintf(fp, "\n");
+    
+    fclose(fp);
+}
+
+// 主函数
+int main() {
+    printf("========================================\n");
+    printf("      巴士路线管理系统 v1.0\n");
+    printf("========================================\n\n");
+    
+    // 加载数据
+    printf("正在加载系统数据...\n");
+    stationCount = loadStations("data/stations.csv", stations, MAX_STATIONS);
+    if (stationCount == 0) {
+        printf("错误: 无法加载站点数据\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    
+    routeCount = loadRoutes("data/routes.csv", routes, MAX_ROUTES);
+    if (routeCount == 0) {
+        printf("错误: 无法加载线路数据\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    
+    // 创建图
+    graph = createGraph(stationCount);
+    buildGraphFromRoutes(graph, routes, routeCount, stations, stationCount);
+    
+    printf("\n系统初始化完成!\n");
+    
+    // 主循环
+    int choice;
+    while (1) {
+        printMenu();
+        
+        if (scanf("%d", &choice) != 1) {
+            while (getchar() != '\n');
+            printf("无效输入,请输入数字1-4\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+        
+        switch (choice) {
+            case 1:
+                queryRoute();
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                displayAllStations(stations, stationCount);
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                displayAllRoutes(routes, routeCount, stations, stationCount);
+                break;
+            case 4:
+                printf("\n感谢使用巴士路线管理系统!\n");
+                destroyGraph(graph);
+                return 0;
+            default:
+                printf("无效选择,请输入1-4\n");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return 0;
+}

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/src/route.c

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// src/route.c
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "../include/route.h"
+
+// 从文件加载线路信息
+int loadRoutes(const char* filename, BusRoute routes[], int maxRoutes) {
+    FILE* fp = fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!fp) {
+        printf("错误: 无法打开文件 %s\n", filename);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    int count = 0;
+    char line[512];
+    
+    // 跳过标题行
+    if (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) == NULL) {
+        fclose(fp);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    while (count < maxRoutes) {
+        // 读取基本信息: id,routeName,stationCount
+        if (fscanf(fp, "%d,%49[^,],%d\n",
+                   &routes[count].id,
+                   routes[count].routeName,
+                   &routes[count].stationCount) != 3) {
+            break;
+        }
+        
+        // 读取站点序列
+        if (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) == NULL) break;
+        char* token = strtok(line, ",\n");
+        int idx = 0;
+        while (token != NULL && idx < routes[count].stationCount) {
+            routes[count].stations[idx++] = atoi(token);
+            token = strtok(NULL, ",\n");
+        }
+        
+        // 读取各段行驶时间
+        if (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) == NULL) break;
+        token = strtok(line, ",\n");
+        idx = 0;
+        while (token != NULL && idx < routes[count].stationCount - 1) {
+            routes[count].segmentTimes[idx++] = atof(token);
+            token = strtok(NULL, ",\n");
+        }
+        
+        count++;
+    }
+    
+    fclose(fp);
+    printf("成功加载 %d 条线路\n", count);
+    return count;
+}
+
+// 显示单条线路
+void displayRoute(const BusRoute* route, const Station stations[], int stationCount) {
+    printf("%s: ", route->routeName);
+    for (int i = 0; i < route->stationCount; i++) {
+        int stationIdx = findStationById(stations, stationCount, route->stations[i]);
+        if (stationIdx != -1) {
+            printf("%s", stations[stationIdx].name);
+            if (i < route->stationCount - 1) {
+                printf(" -> ");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+}
+
+// 显示所有线路
+void displayAllRoutes(const BusRoute routes[], int routeCount, 
+                     const Station stations[], int stationCount) {
+    printf("\n========== 所有线路信息 ==========\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < routeCount; i++) {
+        displayRoute(&routes[i], stations, stationCount);
+    }
+    printf("总计: %d 条线路\n", routeCount);
+    printf("==================================\n");
+}

PracticalTrain/DataStructure/src/station.c

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// src/station.c
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "../include/station.h"
+
+// 从文件加载站点信息
+int loadStations(const char* filename, Station stations[], int maxStations) {
+    FILE* fp = fopen(filename, "r");
+    if (!fp) {
+        printf("错误: 无法打开文件 %s\n", filename);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    int count = 0;
+    char line[256];
+    
+    // 跳过标题行
+    if (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) == NULL) {
+        fclose(fp);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    while (count < maxStations && 
+           fscanf(fp, "%d,%49[^,],%lf,%lf,%d\n",
+                  &stations[count].id,
+                  stations[count].name,
+                  &stations[count].latitude,
+                  &stations[count].longitude,
+                  &stations[count].stopTime) == 5) {
+        count++;
+    }
+    
+    fclose(fp);
+    printf("成功加载 %d 个站点\n", count);
+    return count;
+}
+
+// 根据名称查找站点
+int findStationByName(const Station stations[], int count, const char* name) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (strcmp(stations[i].name, name) == 0) {
+            return stations[i].id;
+        }
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// 根据ID查找站点索引
+int findStationById(const Station stations[], int count, int id) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        if (stations[i].id == id) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+// 显示单个站点信息
+void displayStation(const Station* station) {
+    printf("  ID: %d\n", station->id);
+    printf("  名称: %s\n", station->name);
+    printf("  经纬度: (%.4f, %.4f)\n", station->latitude, station->longitude);
+    printf("  停靠时间: %d秒\n", station->stopTime);
+}
+
+// 显示所有站点
+void displayAllStations(const Station stations[], int count) {
+    printf("\n========== 所有站点信息 ==========\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        printf("%d. %s (停靠时间: %d秒)\n", 
+               stations[i].id, stations[i].name, stations[i].stopTime);
+    }
+    printf("总计: %d 个站点\n", count);
+    printf("==================================\n");
+}

PracticalTrain/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!--
+ Copyright (c) 2025 zhilv
+ 
+ This software is released under the MIT License.
+ https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
+-->
+
+##  实训
+
+### 文件介绍
+
+```sh
+.
+└── DataStructure  # 数据结构课程设计
+```

README.md

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     ```sh
     .
     ├── DataStructure  # 数据结构
+    ├── PracticalTrain  # 实训
     ├── Server  # Node.js 从基础到项目实践
     ├── Spider  # Python 网络爬虫基础教程
     └── Web  # Web 前端开发技术
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
 - [`Node.js` 从基础到项目实践](Server/README.md)
 - [`Python` 网络爬虫基础教程](Spider/README.md)
 - [`Web` 前端开发技术](Web/README.md)
+- [实训](PracticalTrain/README.md)
 
 ## 📜 License